Portfolio 28-4th: Foreign Unfair Competition: Practice and Procedure

I. Introduction
. Introductory Material
A. Major Types of Foreign Unfair Trade Practices
B. Major Statutory Remedies

II. Historical Development
A. Tariff Reductions
B. The 1979 Multilateral Trade Agreements and Trade Agreements Act
C. The Trade and Tariff Act of 1984
D. The Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988
E. Free Trade Agreements
F. The Uruguay Round Agreements Act

III. Agency Administration

IV. Countervailing Action Against Foreign Subsidies
A. The Countervailing Duty Law
1. Title VII and §303 of the Tariff Act of 1930
2. Difference between current law and former §303 of the Tariff Act of 1930
3. Administration
4. Coverage of CVD orders and overlap of CVD law with AD law
B. Subsidies
1. Definition and scope
a. Countervailable subsidies
(1). Domestic subsidies
(2). Export subsidies
b. Noncountervailable subsidies
c. De minimis subsidies
d. Upstream subsidies
e. Subsidies to prior owners
f. Definition of subsidy under prior law
g. Information on subsidy programs and countervailing measures
2. Calculation of subsidy
3. Calculation of net subsidy

V. Action Against Dumping
A. The Antidumping Law
1. Enactment of Title VII and evolution of current antidumping provisions
2. Summary of provisions
3. Standards for determining the existence of dumping
a. Normal value
b. Export price and constructed export price
c. Constructed value
d. Sales at less than the cost of production
e. Imports from nonmarket economy countries
f. Sales by multinational corporations
g. Adjustments in export price and constructed export price
h. Adjustments in normal value
(1). Level of trade adjustments
(2). Adjustments for differences in quantity, merchandise, and circumstances of sale
(a). Differences in quantity
(b). Differences in merchandise
(c). Differences in the circumstances of sale
i. Currency conversion
B. Monitoring to Trigger Antidumping Action
1. Persistent dumping
2. Downstream product monitoring
C. Ancillary Procedures for Short Life Cycle Merchandise
D. Action Against Third-Country Dumping
1. Petition by domestic industry
2. Action by USTR

VI. Injury Determinations in Countervailing Duty and Antidumping Cases
. Introductory Material
A. Procedures
1. Determinative votes
2. Investigative procedure
3. Preliminary Commission determination
4. Final Commission determination
5. Review of certain agreements to suspend investigations
B. Requirements for Finding of Injury
1. Definition of an industry
2. Definition of material injury
a. Volume
b. Price
c. Impact on affected domestic industry
3. Cumulative assessment
4. Considerations in threat of injury
5. Special rules for agricultural products
6. Causal relation of imports to injury
C. Injury Investigations for Certain §303 and §1671(c) CVD Orders

VII. Administrative and Judicial Procedures Common to Countervailing Duty and Antidumping Proceedings
. Introductory Material
A. Processing an Initial Investigation
1. The petition: making a prima facie case
a. Standing
b. Petition contents
c. Initiation of investigation
2. Schedule and timetable for processing a case
3. Submission of information and views to the ITA
a. Factual information
b. Written argument
c. Hearings
4. Effect of affirmative preliminary ITA determination
5. Critical circumstances determinations
6. Termination and suspension of investigation
a. Termination
b. Suspension
7. Final determination by the ITA
8. Processing by the ITC
9. Issuance of countervailing or antidumping duty order
B. Assessment of Duties
1. “Byrd Amendment” distribution of duties to domestic producers: 2000–2007
C. Prevention of Circumvention of Countervailing Duty and Antidumping Orders
D. Administrative Review of Determinations
1. Annual reviews
2. New shipper reviews
3. Changed circumstance reviews
4. Five-Year (‘sunset') reviews
5. Revocation or termination as a result of review
6. Review of the scope of an order
E. Treatment of Information
1. Verification
2. Resort to facts otherwise available
3. Proprietary information
F. Downstream Product Monitoring
1. Industry petition
2. ITA action on the petition
3. ITC monitoring
4. Subsequent ITA action
G. Judicial Review
1. Determinations subject to review under 19 U.S.C. §1516a
a. ‘Review of certain determinations'
b. ‘Review of determinations on record'
c. Review allowed under the North American Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act
2. Review under 28 U.S.C. §1581(i)
3. Standards of review and review record
4. Remedies
5. Procedures
H. Binational Panel Review in Cases Involving NAFTA Goods

VIII. Retaliation Under §301
A. Trade Practices and Remedies Covered by §301
1. Mandatory retaliation
2. Discretionary retaliation
3. Scope of USTR authority
B. Investigation Procedures
1. Initiation by petition
2. USTR initiation
3. Steps in a §301 proceeding
4. Availability of information
C. Proceedings After Retaliation
1. Modification and termination
2. Monitoring
a. Carousel Retaliation
D. Ancillary Matters
1. Identification of trade liberalization priorities—‘Super 301'
a. Congressional authorization
b. Presidential authorization
2. Identifications respecting intellectual property rights—‘Special 301'
3. Investigations of petitions filed under the North American Free Trade Agreement

IX. Protective Action by the U.S. International Trade Commission Under §337
A. Actionable Trade Practices and Available Remedies
1. Infringement of certain intellectual property rights
2. Other actionable practices
3. Remedies
a. Presidential power
b. Simultaneous proceedings
c. Bonding
d. Counterclaims for relief
e. Defaults
B. ITC Procedures
1. The complaint
2. Steps in a §337 proceeding
3. Ancillary matters
a. Consent orders
b. Treatment of information
c. Enforcement, modification, and recission of ITC orders
C. Appeal to the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
D. Relationship to Other Laws

X. Safeguards
A. Overview
B. Action to Facilitate Positive Adjustment to Import Competition: Section 201 Relief
1. Forms of relief available
2. ITC proceedings
a. The petition
b. Investigations and determinations
c. Prima facie criteria for relief
3. Reports by the Departments of Agriculture, Labor, and Commerce
4. Presidential action 24
5. Congressional review
6. Monitoring, modification, and termination of relief 30
7. Provisions applicable to adjustment assistance to workers, farmers, and firms
C. Proceedings Involving Canadian and Mexican Articles Under NAFTA
1. Petitioning for emergency action under chapter 8 of NAFTA
2. Effect of NAFTA on §201 safeguards
D. Safeguards Under Other Free Trade Agreement Implementation Acts
1. Petitioning for relief of imports benefiting from the agreement
2. Safeguards on textile and apparel articles
3. Effect of agreement on §201 Safeguards
E. Market Disruption by Nonmarket Countries
1. Similarities to §201
2. Differences from §201
F. Safeguards Specifically Affecting the People's Republic of China
1. Market disruption 49
a. ITC proceedings
(1). Critical circumstances
b. USTR action
c. Presidential action
d. Monitoring, modification, and termination of relief
2. Trade diversion 53
a. ITC proceedings
b. USTR action
c. Presidential action
d. Presidential review of previous action

XI. Other Applicable Statutes
. Introductory Material
A. Imports That Threaten National Security—§232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962
B. Certain Transactions That Threaten to Impair National Security—§721 of the Defense Production Act of 1950
C. The 1916 Revenue Act
D. The Federal Trade Commission Act
E. The Antitrust Statutes
F. Petitions by Domestic Interested Parties—§516 of the Tariff Act of 1930